As a cinephile who’s spent countless hours delving into the realms of body horror, I must say that Tetsuo: The Iron Man stands out as a truly electrifying and mind-melting experience. Having grown up in Japan during the video age, I can attest to the global impact cult films like this one have had on independent cinema. The film’s fusion of high-voltage eroticism, dangerous body modifications, and cyberpunk aesthetics is nothing short of groundbreaking.
When considering the concept of “body horror,” our minds often visualize disturbing scenes: the emergence of additional limbs, eruptions of pus and blood, or transformations of the skin into grotesque shapes. Yet, this genre’s appeal lies in its unique twist: what if you can’t step back from something revolting, since it’s an integral part of your own body? In a body-horror movie — perhaps you traveled with an insect in a teleportation capsule or were approached by extradimensional clergy to explore unusual desires — you are likely experiencing the loss of control over bizarre events affecting your skin, organs, or tissues. If you’re merely observing another unfortunate soul undergo an inhuman transformation, you’re probably petrified that it could happen to you. After all, we all share a body, and recent events have given us ample reason to question its integrity. However, perhaps both experiences offer a sense of liberation in redefining our perception of our bodies, skin, or consciousness. Body horror doesn’t merely portray the body as a victimized site but as a source of intrigue; filmmakers for years have explored a tactile intimacy that is equally alluring and repelling, and focusing on this tension has given us some of the most unsettling, captivating, and bizarre glimpses into these fleshy containers we carry around.
What is body horror?
As a connoisseur of the macabre, I found Philip Brophy’s insights on the evolving horror genre particularly captivating when he penned them in 1983. In essence, he posited that contemporary horror films don’t primarily tap into the broad terror of Death, but rather delve deeply into our fears concerning our own bodies—how we manage and interact with them.
In Coralie Forgeat’s grisly take on celebrity satire titled The Substance, the primary objective of the central body transformation is always evident, yet the movie seems textured by the legacy of body horror while simultaneously striving to broaden its visceral impact in mainstream cinema. However, it merely grazes the depth that the genre can achieve on an emotional and sensory scale. To honor The Substance‘s fresh additions to one of cinema’s most demanding genres, we have compiled a list of 25 standout moments in the body horror genre. (To demonstrate the genre’s adaptability, our list only includes one film per director.)
25.
American Mary (2012)
Kicking off our selection is a thought-provoking, sarcastic neo-noir from Canada, titled ‘Heavenly Slices’. The film centers around Mary Mason, portrayed by Katharine Isabelle from ‘Ginger Snaps’, who navigates the precarious boundary between career exhaustion and illicit wealth as a medical student. An unexpected job interview at a strip club sparks a series of events that lead to Mary performing emergency surgeries on gangsters. Subsequently, she shifts her focus to the specialized body-modification community where individuals pay vast amounts for their desired physique – often an innovative, symbolic interpretation of what a body can become. Twin directors Jen and Sylvia Soska, in their quest to humanize those deemed socially ‘freakish’ and expose the deep-seated misogyny and corruption within institutions, creatively merge B-movie elements with a thought-provoking perspective on the frontiers of body autonomy.
24.
Excision (2012)
https://youtube.com/watch?v=watch?v=3ZpOx1sMb6M
Just as a heads-up: We’re going to see a lot of characters with medical-career aspirations in this list. That’s not to say everyone in medicine secretly loves strange freaky stuff, but it’s not like you get many chances to cut people open and mess with their insides working in comms, is it? In case it wasn’t clear that Excision is a B-movie about absurd suburbia, there are cameos from John Waters, Ray Wise, and Malcolm McDowell, but the narrative focuses on disturbed high-schooler Pauline (AnnaLynne McCord) whose feverish desire to unspool the human body fuses with a hatred of the inane artificiality of her controlling mother. Maybe a pathological surgeon’s blade is necessary to sever yourself from the suburb’s psychological grip.
23.
The Sadness (2021)
In the film titled “The Sadness“, the intensity surpasses that seen in “28 Days Later“. This movie portrays a virus, airborne and city-wide, turning its Taiwanese carriers into vicious, maniacal beings. These transformed creatures engage in gruesome and graphic violence. The virus disrespects and defiles bodies, and its victims retaliate by doing the same to any uninfected person they encounter. The grotesque metamorphosis typical of body horror, usually confined to a single individual, occurs on a vast scale here. Society’s norms and behaviors are twisted beyond comprehension. Canadian director Rob Jabbaz explores a sense of deep sadness through his unyielding delivery of nerve-wracking, skin-crawling horror, focusing on a young couple struggling to reconnect while navigating this terrifying scenario.
22.
Swallow (2019)
In this piece, we’re showcasing films that explore body horror from unique perspectives, even if they don’t reach the extreme visceral levels the genre is capable of. This psychological thriller constructs a universe of distorted desires and eating anxieties without relying on graphic special effects. The protagonist, Hunter (played by Haley Bennett), has recently married a wealthy heir (Austin Stowell). In an unspoken revolt against turning into a confined housewife, she starts consuming hazardous, indigestible items. Diagnosed with pica, a compulsion to eat things that shouldn’t be consumed, Hunter subject us to immense discomfort as the size and sharpness of her food escalates towards her breaking point. This film serves as an excellent illustration of the self-inflicted body horror genre: A character on society’s fringe seeking freedom through a perilous transformation that others find repulsive and terrifying.
21.
Street Trash (1987)
Set aside the delicacy in portraying gruesome themes; Street Trash, a film that aims to shock and disturb, is ready for viewing. It’s not far from a Troma production in terms of production quality and depth, but it certainly offers a darkly comedic, dystopian perspective on the story of homeless individuals who transform into vibrant slime after consuming the cheapest malt liquor sold by a Brooklyn store owner. The alcohol, surprisingly, is 60-years old and poisonous, causing panic and hysteria within the community, particularly among veterans traumatized by Vietnam. Throughout the movie, there are graphic, intrusive shots of people screaming as they melt into a horrifying, slimy mass. Street Trash unabashedly embraces its tackiness, understanding the exploitative nature of its portrayal of real-world suffering and directing its ugliness at those deemed undesirable by American society. The body horror is unsettling because it challenges viewers to decide if they want to be part of the group enjoying this grotesquery, and the film’s over-the-top, distasteful tone is as entertaining as the gruesome scenes it presents.
20.
Teeth (2007)
https://youtube.com/watch?v=watch?v=_ZIpnWucimQ&list=PLZbXA4lyCtqpEnA3JHBfTsgcda3VGTeEG&index=7
One of the most disturbing films about abstinence is also about vagina dentata, a widespread folktale about women with teeth lining their genitals. Dawn (Jess Weixler) has a difficult home life and is routinely ostracized for her cheery campaign of teenage celibacy, but conflicting desires and predatory men trigger an overwhelming biological discovery that she can’t control. Teeth is a black comedy, and some of its trickier tonal shifts threaten to capsize the horror momentum, but the intimacy of the body mutilation and the intensity of Dawn’s panic as she causes it help Teeth leave a lasting mark.
19.
The Substance (2024)
This film gets quite graphic, but then again, so does the entertainment industry.
18.
Malignant (2021)
One unique word-of-mouth sensation this year, James Wan’s “Malignant” delivers on its sensationalist claim of being the wildest film you’ll see. This gripping giallo-inspired thriller blends the questionable science and criminal psychology common in Dario Argento’s films with intense gore and dynamic action sequences. Although revealing the unexpected third act may spoil “Malignant” for some, it would be misleading not to acknowledge that few studio horror films of the past decade have been as captivating as this one. The film effectively explores how losing control over your body and mind, and a rebellious malignant growth within, symbolize the most potent form of body horror.
17.
The Blob (1988)
https://youtube.com/watch?v=watch?v=y43sCSuqHa0&list=PLZbXA4lyCtqqOdMkaKIbEzI-RFwnXdGNI&index=4
As a devoted fan, I can’t help but express my excitement for Chuck Russell’s modern reimagining of the iconic Steve McQueen drive-in classic. This remake masterfully defies the monotonous beats of ’50s B-movies at every opportunity. It boldly eliminates jock protagonists, delights in creating the most gruesome and visceral deaths, and even hints at a chilling U.S. government involvement in the Blob conspiracy’s history.
16.
Altered States (1980)
Ken Russell’s most mainstream movie incorporates many themes from his art-house productions: the body as a vessel for primal instincts and desires, the subconscious mind depicted on a visual stage, extreme transgressions that shatter the boundaries of our reality. In this film, a research scientist (William Hurt) integrates fringe shamanic mysticism into his studies on consciousness, leading him to prolonged, isolating periods within a sensory deprivation tank. These experiments transport him to an entirely novel and liberating realm, yet they also alter his brain and body in the process. The movie is filled with flashes of incendiary Christian symbolism and a mounting feeling that our control over our own material essence has been completely surrendered. Russell creates an ambitious, thought-provoking cinematic technique for deconstructing and reconstructing the human form on screen.
15.
Xtro (1982)
Imagine this scenario: A well-known quote goes something like this: What if your father was kidnapped by ALIENS, but when he came back, he transformed into a STRANGE GOBLIN and you gained EXTRAORDINARY PSYCHIC ABILITIES?
14.
Swallowed (2022)
https://youtube.com/watch?v=watch?v=oGJRTNywTc8
In the course of his filmmaking career, Carter Smith, previously known for his work in fashion photography, has delved into the genre of body horror (such as the award-winning short Bugcrush and his studio debut, The Ruins). However, the movie Swallowed takes his recurring themes of venomous attacks and risky queer relationships to unprecedented heights. Two young gay men squander their final moments together by participating in a high-stakes drug smuggling operation that goes awry, requiring them to ingest sealed substances to cross the border. Instead of simply exploiting the harsh, controlling power dynamics common in drug mule narratives, Smith also explores the entertaining aspects of his film’s consumption elements, blending taboo for both erotic allure and disturbing, unsettling horror. It is challenging to think of a recent body horror film that portrays internal physical suffering with such striking impact.
13.
Dumplings (2004)
Among the films listed, “Dumplings” by Fruit Chan stands out as a chilling body-horror movie revolving around an older actress, Mrs. Li (Miriam Yeung), who turns to unconventional and risky anti-aging treatments due to societal misogyny ingrained in her culture. This film delves into the prevalence of abortions under China’s one-child policy and amplifies the ruthless beauty standards of Hong Kong to an extreme, invasive level. Mrs. Li resorts to seeking out Aunt Mei (Bai Ling) and her dumplings made from aborted fetuses for physical rejuvenation. Similar to “The Substance,” there is a self-centered undertone stemming from societal powerlessness that permeates the film, with the focus here being on the unique collision of ultra-modernity and tradition in China and Hong Kong at the turn of the millennium. Chan and screenwriter Li Pi-Hua (credited as Lillian Lee) exploit the graphic imagery of aborted fetuses and the uncensored, controversial humor surrounding the unverified but sensationally reported practice of Chinese fetus cannibalism. As Mrs. Li becomes accustomed to her macabre diet, she becomes fixated on finding the most potent type of fetus to consume, disregarding the tragic circumstances that led to the abortions in the first place; it is common for body-horror films to feature a narcissistic protagonist.
12.
Society (1989)
In a modern context, the title “Society” could be expanded as “We Live in a Society”. This intriguing debut by Brian Yunza (previously known for producing Stuart Gordon’s horror duo Re-Animator and From Beyond) delves into the grotesque literalization of traditional upper-class grooming. The protagonist, young Bill (played by Billy Warlock), gradually believes his family is part of a sinister, violent, and incestuous cult, who have recently integrated his older sister into their ranks. Although technically incorrect, the film also includes some groundbreaking special effects from Screaming Mad George, involving melting bodies. The twisted joy derived from this secretive elite orgy, rarely used to highlight the allure of group sex, intensifies the disturbing scenes of draining fluids and fused flesh.
11.
Re-Animator (1985)
In simpler terms, Stuart Gordon’s creative and humorous take on body horror resulted in an iconic American horror-comedy. The story revolves around a clueless med-student (Bruce Abbott), who gets entangled in the competition between his fellow student Herbert West (played by Jeffrey Combs) and their professor (David Gale). This production, while inspired by H.P. Lovecraft’s serial and initially intended for the stage, has been reimagined as a twisted version of the Frankenstein story. It retains the chilling atmosphere of disconnected, lifeless body parts and adds a generous dose of laughter to intensify the horror. Essentially, it echoes Mary Shelley’s original novel’s message that scientists should refrain from meddling with strange and frightening experiments.
10.
Trouble Every Day (2001)
The distinction between cannibal or vampire fiction and body horror is so thin and mutable that it just shows why maintaining the borders of genre classification is a waste of time, especially when horror is so interested in fluidity and transgression. In this controversial Claire Denis work, her longtime themes of desire and survival are crystallized in a dead-eyed probe into understanding our most base impulses and the tension underplaying unsteady erotic connections. Who better to lead all of that than Vincent Gallo, who plays an American trying to hunt down a French neuroscientist on his honeymoon. The more we’re presented with the film’s vampiric and cannibalistic outbursts, the more Denis undermines the sanctity of the new nuptial union, revealing it as one of fatally mismatched desire. Treating barbarous body horror as something embedded in us deeper than the mutual love of a partner, especially when it’s done without the theatrical or exploitation trappings, makes for one of the New French Extremity’s most troubling works.
9.
Titane (2021)
We promise the top ten won’t just be French movies, but something about the New French Extreme is too powerful to deny big-league positions on this list. While Denis’s film belonged to the original turn-of-the-century wave, Julia Ducournau made the Palme d’Or–winning Titane a generation after the subversive European treatises on our relationship to the pleasures and violations of the body had been canonized. Even though Titane’s rapid heartbeat calls far more attention to itself than Trouble Every Day, the same slippery thematic provocations are there, linking desire and companionship in opaquely defined but palpably dangerous ways, but with a sensitivity that undermines the cruelty of the violence onscreen. Ducournau’s follow-up to her incendiary (but more decipherable) debut, Raw, is about car-showroom model Alexia (Agatha Rouselle), who has a titanium plate in her head and an erotic fascination with cars, but after being impregnated by a voracious automobile and murdering a bunch of people, she disfigures herself to pass as the missing son of a fire captain (Vincent Lindon). Like her pioneering predecessors, Ducournau is as interested in the violation of social and cultural expectations surrounding gender and the body as much as the motor oil secretions and cybernetic self-harm. It’s thrilling to see a film with such a firm grasp on its thesis of surviving and nurturing the body be this audacious and multi-faceted.
8.
The Skin I Live In (2011)
https://youtube.com/watch?v=watch?v=-xjlPmPBbh8
In simpler terms, many films by Pedro Almodóvar seem to expand upon older, classic movies in a unique way (for instance, his recent film, “The Room Next Door,” incorporates clips from John Huston’s “The Dead”). This fusion of melodrama and horror that hints at body horror is reminiscent of the French film “Eyes Without a Face” from 1960. In “The Skin I Live In,” Antonio Banderas plays a skilled plastic surgeon who, due to the loss of his family, performs forced gender reassignment surgery on a woman. Similar to films like “Talk to Her” or “Bad Education,” the darker Almodóvar movies don’t always explicitly state their moral or thematic messages, but the way that notions of gender and the desire for mutilation are deeply ingrained in the characters’ minds creates a strong, unsettling impression.
7.
Possession (1981)
In simpler terms, the film “Possession” (made during the director’s personal time of a messy divorce) presents an unusual scenario where the wife is involved with a large, tentacled gelatinous creature. Set in the late 1980s against the backdrop of the Berlin Wall coming down, the story revolves around Mark (played by Sam Neill) and his wife Anna (Isabelle Adjani). Mark is troubled by suspicions and insecurities, while Anna is erratic in her behavior. Their turbulent relationship mirrors a domestic drama that contrasts with the rigid boundaries of divided Berlin. Meanwhile, an alienating, shape-shifting entity escalates infidelity to an extraordinary level. Director Andrzej Żuławski, who was going through a painful divorce and creative restrictions from his homeland Poland, explores themes of identity crisis, loss of control, and impending apocalypse in this chaotic, fatalistic horror film.
6.
Hellraiser (1987)
I’m grateful for the minor failure known as “Rawhead Rex” that motivated Clive Barker to preserve all his dark, rebellious horror ideas during the creation of “Hellraiser.” Despite being asked to alter the setting from England, where his novel “The Hellbound Heart” is set, the corrupt family dynamics and desolate, deindustrialized townscapes that were intentionally neglected in the 80s America resonate with a grim, insensitive England, even if the accents were replaced. This disturbing ’80s horror classic is most famous for introducing us to the Cenobites, a group of sadomasochistic priests from a Lovecraftian realm of orgiastic suffering, whose bodies have been distorted, pierced, and seared beyond limits. However, Barker’s film also delves into corrupting the sanctity of a family — a deceased, hedonistic uncle claims the body of his young niece’s father, with the help of her scheming stepmother. As we witness his flesh and bones agonizingly regenerate, his violent, taboo sexual desires become as dangerous as Pinhead and his associates. It’s comforting to know that at least the Cenobites have a set of rules in the Hellraiser dimension.
5.
Brain Damage (1988)
Frank Henenlotter’s cinematic work, characterized by its heavy use of practical effects in exploitation films, serves as a fitting precursor to the distinctively tasteless approach to body autonomy found in “The Substance“. Notably, his filmography, which includes the “Basket Case” trilogy and “Frankenhooker“, carries an aggressive attitude that is rarely as potent and corrosive in independent horror. Among his works, “Brain Damage” stands out as a career highlight. In this film, the young and attractive character Brian (Rick Hearst) develops a dependence on the fluid of a parasitic brain worm (voiced by John Zacherle). The creature manipulates Brian into committing murder to feed itself. While the visual effects, including optical, stop-motion, and puppetry, make “Brain Damage” a must-watch, Henenlotter’s film is more than just visually impressive. It excites and disgusts on a deeper level, as Brian’s drastic behavior changes, his isolation from loved ones, and submission to the parasite’s control, bear striking similarities to the experience of watching someone succumb to addiction. As a result, “Brain Damage” becomes a hauntingly realistic portrayal.
4.
The Thing (1982)
In simple terms, John Carpenter’s classic film subtly explores the fear of intimacy through the genre of body horror. When an alien disguised as a husky infiltrates an Antarctic research base, it unleashes a frenzy of grotesque physical transformations. Similar to “The Blob,” the horror creature is an external force that kills and takes on the form of its victims, but Carpenter strategically saves the spectacular special effects—where bodies warp like shark mouths and the monster often breaks the rules of humanoid anatomy—for key, memorable scenes. The rest of the film relies on tense standoffs and menacing gazes to convey the dread of getting too close to others, turning the narrative into a tale of clenched teeth and heated outbursts. The phrase “It could be any of these guys” is subtly transformed into a pessimistic “It might as well be any of these guys.
3.
The Fly (1986)
https://youtube.com/watch?v=watch?v=H8CvqNCHF9E
If David Cronenberg isn’t the grandfather of body horror, then he’s definitely that favorite uncle who introduced you to weird TV and who got a bit quiet and serious after the divorce. Across his 23 films, he explores how desire is defined and reconstituted by psychology, history, and society, and furthermore how humankind is defined and reconstituted by that strange mix of desires. Even in his most pulpy exercises, like this loose remake of the 1958 Montreal-set insect horror, Cronenberg blends erotic chemistry with melancholy empathy, revealing how deeply he feels for the genre’s most abject outsiders as the DNA of scientist Seth Brundle (Jeff Goldblum) incrementally submits to the fly biology it’s been combined with. As opposed to the barn-storming set pieces in The Thing, Cronenberg lets us sit with the vile, depressing discomfort of your body giving way to a new shape and texture, with Goldblum’s curious but pitiable eyes shining with anguish. His brief lover Veronica (Geena Davis) watches as skin toughens, tissue corrodes, limbs dissolve, and her unborn child becomes a violent fixation for “Brundlefly,” because it’s the only way he sees himself surviving in any meaningfully intact way. The fact that Seth’s desperate narcissism remains intact till the end confirms why Cronenberg was the perfect fit for this B-movie throwback — to him, nothing is more human than our vain, pathetic impulses and fears.
2.
Body Snatchers (1993)
This reimagining of a 1950s horror classic is the fourth and climactic version on this list. The horror films of the mid-century, with their campy and conservative visions, were not just appealing to transgressive directors because they stayed up late watching them on TV as children, but because the horror was often attributed to external, extraterrestrial, or scientific sources. The relaxed censorship rules allowed filmmakers like Cronenberg, Carpenter, Russell, and eventually Abel Ferrara to emphasize the “enemy within” subtext, leading to the creation of body horror classics.
1.
Tetsuo: The Iron Man (1989)
There is not a more electrifying and face-melting dose of body horror than Shinya Tsukamoto’s Tetsuo: The Iron Man. It’s a defining work for independent Japanese cinema, the video age giving cult films a global reach, and for the burgeoning cyberpunk and industrial sci-fi crazes. Tsukamoto’s bracing 67-minute film is teeming with high-voltage eroticism and dangerous body mod impulses, as two Japanese men (played by Tomorowo Taguchi and Tsukamoto himself) indulge in feverish, fetishistic fusings with metal and machinery. Beyond the sensual nature of the characters’ transformations, which move like a shuddering engine being jump-started into life, the erotic cybernetic (cyberotic?) aesthetic pervades the subconscious realm as much as the physical, with dreams and delusions painting contemporary Japanese society as a corrupted hard drive being consumed by a dominant machine. It’s staggering what the low-budget production achieves; if you’re overwhelmed by the frenetic 16mm photography (shot by Tsukamoto and his co-star Kei Fujiwara), cramped interior sets (many of which are where Fujiwara lived at the time), and crashing industrial tones of Chu Ishikawa, then you might have a sense of what it was like for the cast and crew, who nearly all fell out with Tsukamoto across the arduous shoot. But the final product has a power that’s impossible to deny — Tetsuo paints industrial body horror as a sexual act, as an incurable infection, as an inevitable evolutionary step, and as a beautiful madness on the verge of converting all us nonbelievers.
Further viewing
2023: In the realm of horror films exploring bodily identity, few genres have been more frequently interpreted by trans creators. Thus, it’s only fitting to highlight a film in this category produced by a trans filmmaker. At the tender age of 17, Alice Maio Mackay, known as Wunderkid, crafted this metatextual exploration of queer adolescence in turmoil. The story revolves around a trans filmmaker (Lauren Last) who uncovers an alien body invasion taking place in her bigoted hometown, a discovery that only she can decipher. Humorous at times, it’s also gritty when required, and its charm is undeniable.
➼ From My Perspective (1966): I find myself drawn to the chilling satire on the pursuit of wellness through capitalistic means, as portrayed by director John Frankenheimer – renowned for his politically charged thrillers like The Manchurian Candidate, Birdman of Alcatraz, and The Train. He narrates the tale of a discontent man, initially portrayed by John Randolph, later by Rock Hudson, who trades his mundane existence for a fresh body, identity, and life. However, he’s overcome with existential sorrow when he comprehends that the surgical alterations he underwent have led him to a limited, bourgeois nightmare.
Crimes of the Future (2022): David Cronenberg, known for his groundbreaking work in the body-horror genre, deserves more than one mention, so let’s appreciate a film that truly embodies his rebranding of it as “body beautiful.” Similar to The Fly, Crimes of the Future borrows its name from an older movie, but its modern interpretation of one of Cronenberg’s early works is a significant improvement. The story revolves around an artist couple who cultivate and perform surgeries on new organs in prestigious art exhibitions. Set in a future where bodies are closely monitored and radical biologies are suppressed, the characters are pushed to venture across a perilous boundary into a world of self-determined body autonomy. It’s a subtle yet powerful and poignant masterpiece.
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2024-09-19 19:55