Scientists build the world’s smallest robot and it actually thinks

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Researchers have developed tiny robots—smaller than a grain of salt—that can perceive their environment, think for themselves, and move independently.

These tiny robots are about the size of a few human hairs – just 200 by 300 by 50 micrometers, meaning you’d need a microscope to see them clearly. Despite being so small, they can move on their own and be programmed to perform tasks like swimming, sensing temperature, and following specific routes, all without needing any remote control.

These new robots, created by teams at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan, are a significant advancement in tiny robotics. What makes them different is they don’t need wires, magnets, or any outside power to operate – they can function independently.

These robots run completely on sunlight, thanks to small solar panels and a tiny built-in computer. This lets them think, react to their surroundings, and work for months without needing a recharge. Amazingly, each robot only costs around one penny to make.

How the robots move without motors

These robots swim without traditional parts like legs or propellers. Instead, they create tiny electric fields that move charged particles in the water around them. This movement of particles then pulls the water along, propelling and steering the robot.

This method doesn’t rely on delicate moving parts and is effective at incredibly small sizes, where conventional robots struggle. These robots can move as fast as their own length each second and are robust enough to withstand being manipulated with standard lab equipment.

Technology is advancing at an incredible pace. Scientists from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Michigan have developed the world’s tiniest robots that can move on their own and are fully programmable. These microscopic robots can sense their environment and react to it independently, opening up possibilities for a range of applications.

— Dr Singularity (@Dr_Singularity) December 17, 2025

Every robot has its own built-in computer, complete with a processor, memory, and sensors. A highly sensitive temperature sensor can detect even tiny temperature changes – as little as one-third of a degree Celsius – letting the robot respond to its surroundings or share information.

These tiny robots don’t use wireless signals to communicate. Instead, they send information through subtle movements, which scientists can see with a microscope and then translate. They’re powered and programmed using the same light source, allowing each robot to receive its own specific set of instructions.

This tiny robot isn’t the only small thing to recently capture public attention. Last October, a brewery created the world’s smallest beer and challenged people to make an even smaller one, offering a $1,000 prize.

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2026-01-09 20:19